Ann Geriatr Med Res > Volume 28(1); 2024 > Article |
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Variable | Total (n=174) |
Cognitive impairment |
p-value | Effect size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n=77) | No (n=97) | ||||
Demographics | |||||
Age (y) | 70.4±6.8 | 73.0±7.8 | 68.3±5.0 | <0.001*a) | 0.315 |
65–74 | 133 (76.4) | 47 (61.0) | 86 (88.7) | <0.001*b) | 0.323 |
75+ | 41 (23.6) | 30 (39.0) | 11 (11.3) | ||
Sex (female) | 97 (55.7) | 60 (77.9) | 37 (38.1) | <0.001*b) | 0.398 |
Marital status (married) | 122 (70.1) | 42 (56.8) | 80 (82.5) | <0.001*b) | 0.340 |
Years of education (≤5) | 21 (12.1) | 21 (28.4) | 0 (0) | <0.001*b) | 0.425 |
Current smoking | 45 (25.9) | 13 (16.9) | 32 (33.0) | 0.016*b) | 0.183 |
Comorbidities | |||||
DCCI | 3.8±1.5 | 4.2±1.5 | 3.5±1.3 | 0.001*a) | 0.246 |
Drug count | 3.8±2.9 | 4.0±2.6 | 3.6±3.1 | 0.100a) | 0.124 |
Polypharmacy | 57 (32.8) | 28 (38.4) | 29 (29.9) | 0.367b) | 0.068 |
Anticholinergic burden (≥1) | 58 (33.3) | 35 (45.5) | 23 (23.7) | 0.003*b) | 0.229 |
Laboratory parameters | |||||
Neutrophil (<4×10⁹/L) | 82 (47.1) | 42 (54.5) | 40 (41.2) | 0.081b) | 0.132 |
Lymphocyte (<1×10⁹/L) | 61 (35.1) | 32 (41.6) | 29 (29.9) | 0.109b) | 0.121 |
N/L (≥8) | 31 (17.8) | 12 (15.6) | 19 (19.6) | 0.493b) | 0.052 |
Anemia (female <12 g/dL, male <13 g/dL) | 47 (27.0) | 22 (28.6) | 25 (25.8) | 0.680b) | 0.031 |
CRP (>30 mg/L) | 95 (54.6) | 37 (48.7) | 58 (60.4) | 0.124b) | 0.117 |
D-dimer (≥0.5 mg/L) | 99 (56.9) | 50 (74.6) | 49 (57.6) | 0.029*b) | 0.177 |
GFR (<60 mL/min) | 48 (27.6) | 23 (29.9) | 25 (25.8) | 0.548b) | 0.046 |
LDH (>300 U/L) | 68 (39.1) | 32 (45.7) | 36 (44.4) | 0.876b) | 0.013 |
Hospitalization characteristics | |||||
ICU admission (yes) | 25 (14.4) | 8 (10.4) | 17 (17.5) | 0.183b) | 0.101 |
Delirium (yes) | 51 (29.3) | 38 (49.4) | 13 (13.4) | <0.001*b) | 0.392 |
Length of stay (>7 days) | 131 (75.3) | 55 (71.4) | 76 (78.4) | 0.293*b) | 0.080 |
Follow-up time (mo) | 15.0±3.2 | 15.5±2.8 | 14.5±3.5 | 0.194a) | 0.098 |
15 (11–20) | 15 (11–19) | 15 (12–20) | 0.147 | 0.087 |
Values are presented as mean±stadnard deviation or number (%) or median (min–max).
DCCI, Deyo/Charlson Comorbidity Index Score; N/L, neutrophil and lymphocyte ratio; CRP, C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ICU, intensive care unit.
Missing data: Education (7), CRP (2), D-dimer (22), and LDH (23).
Effect size: some widely used suggestions about the magnitude of the effect of r and phi 0.10 (small effect), 0.30 (medium effect) and 0.50 (large effect) 39.
Variable | Total (n=174) |
Cognitive impairment |
p-value | Effect size | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n=77) | No (n=97) | ||||
Mood status | |||||
PHQ-2 | 1 (0–6) | 2 (0–6) | 1 (0–6) | 0.065a) | 0.139 |
PHQ-2 (≥3) | 38 (21.8) | 23 (29.9) | 15 (15.5) | 0.022*b) | 0.173 |
GAD-2 | 1 (0–6) | 1 (0–6) | 0 (0–6) | 0.003*a) | 0.228 |
GAD-2 (≥3) | 34 (19.5) | 24 (31.2) | 10 (10.3) | 0.001*b) | 0.261 |
Cognitive status | |||||
T-CogS-TR | 21.6±3.3 | 18.7±2.5 | 24.0±1.3 | <0.001*a) | 0.864 |
Values are presented as median (min–max) or number (%) or mean±stadnard deviation.
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; PHQ-2, Patient Health Questionnaire-2; GAD-2, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2; T-CogS-TR, Turkish version of the Telephone Cognitive Screen.
Effect size: some widely used suggestions about the magnitude of the effect of r and phi 0.10 (small effect), 0.30 (medium effect) and 0.50 (large effect) 39.
Variable |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | p-value | HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Age (≥75 y) | 1.98 (1.24–3.15) | 0.004* | 0.78 (0.37–1.65) | 0.521 |
Sex (female) | 2.57 (1.50–4.41) | 0.001* | 2.13 (1.11–4.13) | 0.023* |
Marital status (married) | 0.47 (0.29–0.74) | 0.001* | 0.70 (0.37–1.30) | 0.256 |
Years of education (≤5) | 0.09 (0.02–0.37) | 0.001* | 1.45 (0.71–2.45) | 0.310 |
Current smoking | 0.75 (0.41–1.38) | 0.357 | - | - |
DCCI | 1.34 (1.16–1.56) | <0.001* | 1.27 (1.04–1.56) | 0.020* |
Anticholinergic burden (≥1) | 1.48 (0.92–2.35) | 0.102 | - | - |
D-dimer (≥0.5 mg/L) | 2.37 (1.33–4.23) | 0.003* | 1.49 (0.80–2.78) | 0.209 |
History of delirium (yes) | 1.90 (1.21–2.99) | 0.006* | 1.34 (0.76–2.35) | 0.310 |