INTRODUCTION
Frailty is an important geriatric syndrome characterized by an age-associated decline in physiologic reserve that causes serious adverse health consequences such as hospitalization, institutionalization, and mortality.1) Frail persons have increased risks of vulnerability and death due to minor external stress. Frailty is a multidimensional and dynamic state with adverse physical, psychological, and social outcomes.2)
Although frailty is an important concern worldwide, no international standard definition of frailty has been established.3) In recent years, healthcare professionals and researchers have suggested the need to evaluate frailty using a multidimensional approach that includes physical, psychological, and social dimensions.4) The commonly used frailty scales such as the Fried Frailty Index5) and FRAIL6) do not evaluate the psychosocial aspects of the patients. A systematic review demonstrated that the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) has the most robust evidence of reliability and validity for assessing frailty in older adults among 38 multi-component frailty assessment tools.7) The TFI is a multidimensional, useful, and applicable instrument that assesses the physical, psychological, and social components of frailty in older adults.8) The TFI has been translated and validated in many languages.9,10)
Different studies have reported different TFI cutoff scores. A previous study showed that a total score of 5 or more was the optimal cutoff for assessing frailty in Dutch persons who were aged 75 years and older,8) while a TFL cutoff score of 6 was reported in Portuguese individuals (aged ≥65 years)11) and a cutoff score of 5 was reported among Chinese community-dwelling older adults (aged ≥60 years).9) Thus, different cutoff scores have been identified for different populations. In addition, the characteristics of the TFI have not been investigated in detail. Especially, the relationship between the TFI and sarcopenia according to the revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP-2) requires investigation and the risk factors for frailty should be determined. Therefore, this study aimed to determine a TFI cutoff value and frailty risk factors in older adults.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Design and Participants
This cross-sectional study included 166 participants who were aged 60 years or older and admitted to the geriatric outpatient clinic in Turkey. We excluded individuals with severe illnesses that affected their general health statuses, such as congestive heart failure (Class III and IV), respiratory failure, acute coronary syndrome, acute renal failure, and cancer. Since the reliability of handgrip strength is low in older patients with dementia because of their difficulty in comprehension, which can cause them to fail to complete tasks, we also excluded patients with moderate and severe dementia.12)
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants or human tissue were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Ethical Review Board of Dokuz Eylul University (No. 3282-GOA) and with the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.
Data Collection
Participant characteristics
Participant characteristics (age, sex, years of education, comorbidities, falls in the previous year, and the number of medications) were recorded. On admission, the participants were asked whether they had fallen in the previous year. Dementia and depression were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-5) criteria.13) A comprehensive geriatric assessment was performed for each participant, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),14) Clinical Dementia Rating Score (CDR), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS),15) basic and instrumental activities of daily living (BADL, IADL),16) Tinetti Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility (POMA),17) and Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA).18) Additionally, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety subscale (HADS-A) was used to assess anxiety. The HADS-A comprises seven items, each of which is scored from 0 (not present) to 3 (considerable).19)
Laboratory measurements
Laboratory tests, such as renal and liver functions and fasting blood glucose, hemogram, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels were measured to evaluate the biochemical, metabolic, and nutritional status of the patients. These values were all obtained using an auto-analyzer diagnostic modular system (Roche E170 and P800; Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.
Frailty assessment
We assessed frailty according to the TFI and modified Fried Physical Frailty Scale. The TFI has two parts. Part A contains 10 items with different predictors of frailty based on socio-demographic data, while Part B contains 15 total items to assess physical (8 items), psychological (4 items), and social (3 items) parameters. The total score of the scale is calculated from Part B, with high scores indicating increased frailty.8) Frailty was also evaluated using the modified Fried Physical Frailty Scale. According to this scale, the presence of three or more of the following five criteria indicated frailty: weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, slowness, and weakness.5)
Sarcopenia assessment
We assessed sarcopenia according to the revised version of the EWGSOP, which recommends evaluating muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance while considering ethnic differences.20) Therefore, the cutoff points for skeletal muscle mass and strength were accepted according to those reported in a validated Turkish study.21)
Handgrip strength was measured using a JAMAR hydraulic hand dynamometer (Model J00105; Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette, IN, USA). The arm was positioned at the side of the body, and the dynamometer was held with the elbow flexed to 90°. The measurements were repeated three times, with the maximum value of the dominant hand used in the analyses. Low muscle strength (MS) was defined as <14 kg and <28 kg in women and men, respectively.21)
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed using a TANITA device (MC-780U, multi-frequency segmental body composition analyzer; TANITA, Tokyo, Japan). Based on the muscle mass bioimpedance values, skeletal muscle (SM, in kg) was calculated as:22)
[(height2 / R) × 0.401] + (gender × 3.825) + (age × -0.071) + 5.102
The skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was calculated by dividing the skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in kilograms by the length in square meters (SMI=SMM/height2). Low muscle quantity was defined as <5.70 kg/m2 and <8.33 kg/m2 in female and male, respectively.21)
We used the 4-m walking time to assess physical performance, with low physical performance defined as a rate of ≤0.8 m/s.20)
Sample Size
The minimum sample size was calculated using the Power Analysis and Sample Size (PASS) software version 11 (NCSS Software, Kaysville, UT, USA).23) Assuming a prevalence of frailty of 28%,12) at least 150 patients were required (prevalence=28%, hypothesis null=0.6, hypothesis alternative=0.8, power of 80%).
Data Analysis
We performed all statistical analyses in SPSS Statistics for Windows version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). We used Shapiro–Wilk test and histograms to check for the normality of the data distributions. Mean and standard deviation (SD) values were reported for continuous variables and percentage values for categorical variables.
We assessed the areas under curves of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to test the predictive accuracy of the TFI for the identification of patients with frailty according to the Fried Frailty Index, which is considered the “gold standard” for evaluating frailty,5,24) and to set an appropriate cutoff point. We considered test values of <0.7, 0.7–0.9, and >0.9 to indicate low moderate (useful for some purposes), and high accuracy, respectively.25)
We performed binary logistic regression analysis to identify variables that were potential risk factors (independent variables: POMA total, POMA gait, POMA balance, walking speed, BADL, HADS-A, GDS, IADL, MNA, low MS, low SM, sarcopenia) of frailty according to the TFI and the Fried Frailty Index (dependent variable: persons with TFI<8 and Fried<3 who were not frail). The regression analysis included continuous variables (total POMA gait, POMA balance, walking speed, BADL, HADS-A, GDS, IADL, and MNA) and categorical variables (low MS, low SM, and sarcopenia). The reference group notations for low MS, low SM, and sarcopenia were 1. We expressed the results as adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The level of significance was set at p<0.05.
RESULTS
This study included a total of 166 older adult patients. The mean ages in the frail and non-frail groups were 73.10 years and 72.89 years, respectively (Table 1). The characteristics and outcome measures of the participants are presented in Table 1. The non-frail group showed higher education level, laboratory values (hemoglobin, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 levels), POMA score (total, balance, gait), activities of daily living (IADL and BADL scores), MNA score, handgrip strength, SMM, SMI, gait speed, and BMR and lower number of medications, falls, GDS, and HADS-A scores, than the frail group (p<0.05) (Table 1). The Fried frailty states differed between groups (p<0.05) (Table 1, Fig. 1). The comorbidities were similar between the groups (p>0.05) (Table 1).
The area under the ROC curve was 0.735 (95% CI, 0.648–0.823). A TFI cutoff point of 8, showed a sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 72.5% for the prediction of frailty (p<0.05). In the assessment of the diagnostic value of the area under the curve, this value was significant (p<0.05) (Fig. 2).
Frailty according to the TFI was more associated with lower POMA total-balance scores, lower BADL scores, higher HADS-A scores, higher GDS scores, lower MNA scores, and low MS. Frailty according to the Fried score was more closely related to lower POMA total-balance scores, lower walking speed, lower ADL scores, lower MNA score, and low MS (p<0.05) (Table 2). Neither TFI nor Fried scores were associated with sarcopenia (p>0.05) (Table 2).
DISCUSSION
The main finding of the study was that a total TFI score of 8 or more was the optimal cutoff for assessing frailty in older adults. Second, the Fried score was more closely related to physical parameters, while the TFI score was more associated with both psychosocial and physical parameters. Third, the measures of psychosocial and physical parameters were better in the non-frail group than those in the frail group. Additionally, neither the TFI nor the Fried scores were associated with sarcopenia.
Frailty is one of the most crucial problems associated with a high risk of adverse outcomes. Frailty is a multidimensional and dynamic state that has adverse physical, psychological, and social outcomes.2) The TFI had the most robust evidence of reliability and validity for assessing frailty in older adults among 38 multi-component frailty assessment tools.7) The TFI is a multidimensional, useful, and fast instrument to assess the physical, psychological, and social components of frailty in older adults.8) Fried frailty is the most widely used scale for identifying frailty. The scale has five criteria—weight loss, exhaustion, low physical activity, slowness, and weakness. According to this scale, a score >3 or more indicated frailty.5) A cutoff score was calculated for the TFI based on the Fried Frailty, which is considered the “gold standard” for evaluating frailty.24) We found that a TFI cutoff score of 8 showed the optimal specificity and sensitivity values. Gobbens et al.8) reported a TFI cutoff score of 5 to identify frailty. Our cutoff score was 3 points higher than that of Gobbens’ study. Gobbens’ study included community-dwelling individuals aged ≥75 years, with a mean participant age of 80 years.8) Thus, the cutoff score may have differed due to the difference in mean age in these studies.8) In addition, factors such as ethnicity and comorbidities can also affect the cutoff score.9,11)
Among the many subjective and objective frailty assessment methods,26) Fried Frailty is commonly used.5,27) This instrument classifies older adults as frail, pre-frail, or non-frail, based on five criteria.5) While Fried Frailty predominantly assesses physical frailty, it also has good validity for assessing frailty.5,28,29) We found that the Fried score was more closely related to physical parameters, while the TFI score was more associated with both psychosocial and physical parameters. Thus, the TFI is multidimensional and more comprehensive in evaluating frailty. However, more studies on this subject are required.
Frailty is an important problem that affects the physical and psychological performance of older adults.2) Physical and psychological parameters decrease in frail older adults compared to non-fragile ones.2,3) Consistent with the literature, we found better measures of psychosocial and physical parameters in the non-frail group compared to those in the frail group. Together, these results show the importance of holistic approaches toward frail older adults.
Frailty and sarcopenia are important age-related concerns, with overlap between the two conditions. Frailty and sarcopenia are similar, especially in terms of evaluating physical parameters.30) Sarcopenia is now formally recognized as a muscle disease that occurs in older adults but that can also occur earlier in life.20) The EWGSOP-2 recommends assessments of muscle strength, muscle quantity, and physical performance in the evaluation of sarcopenia.20) We found that neither the TFI nor the Fried scores were associated with sarcopenia, while frailty was associated with low muscle strength, which is the sub-evaluation parameter of sarcopenia. Thus, frailty and sarcopenia are different concepts, between which only physical parameters can be similar.30)
This study has some limitations. First, the cross-sectional design precluded inferences about the direction of causality among the variables. Second, BIA was used to assess muscle mass. While it is a valid tool for assessing muscle mass, it does not measure mass directly.
In conclusion, the results of this study suggested an optimal TFI cutoff score of 8 as a frailty instrument in community-dwelling older adults. Additionally, the TFI included physical, psychological, and social aspects, thereby providing a multidimensional evaluation of frailty.
PDF Links
PubReader
ePub Link
XML Download
Full text via DOI
Full text via PMC
Download Citation
