Ann Geriatr Med Res > Volume 25(1); 2021 > Article |
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AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
Conceptualization: IO, BOK, GO, NI, NT, SS; Data curation: IO, BOK, GO; Funding acquisition: IO, BOK, GO, NI, NT, SS; Investigation: IO, BOK; Methodology: IO, BOK, GO, NI, NT, SS; Project administration: IO, SS; Supervision: IO, BOK, GO, SS; Writing-original draft: IO, BOK, GO; Writing-review and editing: IO, NI, NT, SS.
COPD group | Non-COPD group | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (y) | 78.0 (72.0–85.0) | 75.0 (70.0–79.0) | 0.270a) |
Sex | 0.962c) | ||
Male | 58 | 57 | |
Female | 42 | 43 | |
Weigh (kg) | 72.7±10.7 | 74.0±12.2 | 0.740b) |
Height (cm) | 164.7±9.5 | 164.6±8.9 | 0.955b) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 (24.1–29.4) | 27.1 (24.3–28.8) | 0.361a) |
GOLD stage | |||
II | 13 | - | |
III | 6 | - | |
MMSE score | 27.0 (27.0–28.0) | 28.0 (27.0–28.0) | 0.525a) |
Pulmonary function | |||
FEV1 (% predicted) | 57.2±12.2 | 101.3±26.5 | <0.001*,b) |
FVC (% predicted) | 72.7±13.5 | 93.5±23.0 | 0.001*,b) |
FEV1/FVC | 64.9 (53.7–66.2) | 82.4 (80.8–89.1) | <0.001*,a) |
PEF (% predicted) | 52.0 (40.0–76.0) | 93.0 (68.5–130.5) | <0.001*,a) |
FEF25–75% (% predicted) | 38.0 (25.0–61.0) | 95.0 (83.0–156.0) | <0.001*,a) |
Respiratory muscle strength | |||
MIP (cmH2O) | 43.0 (35.0–79.0) | 58.0 (47.0–79.0) | 0.031*,a) |
MIP (%) | 72.5 (55.0–98.0) | 88.1 (72.9–112.9) | 0.068a) |
MEP (cmH2O) | 72.0 (50.0–105.0) | 100.0 (75.0–138.0) | 0.036*,a) |
MEP (%) | 56.8±19.4 | 75.1±28.7 | 0.025*,b) |
Symptoms | |||
mMRC (score) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 1.0 (0.0–1.0) | <0.001*,a) |
CAT (score) | 14.8±5.3 | - | |
Exercise capacity | |||
6MWT distance (m) | 350.0 (280.0–393.8) | 455.0 (358.8–490.0) | 0.012*,a) |
6MWT distance (%) | 61.9±13.6 | 74.3±12.3 | 0.004*,b) |
6PBRT (score) | 111.9±27.7 | 140.3±27.9 | 0.003*,b) |
Balance and postural control | |||
Balance | |||
BBS (0–56) | 47.6±3.3 | 50.3±3.6 | 0.022*,b) |
Static postural stability | |||
A/P stability index (score) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.111a) |
M/L stability index (score) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.018*,a) |
Overall stability index (score) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.4 (0.3–0.8) | 0.033*,a) |
Physical activity and quality of life | |||
PASE (score) | 68.3±30.4 | 100.0±35.1 | 0.004*,b) |
WHOQOL-OLD (score) | 54.2 (47.9–58.3) | 66.7 (63.5–72.4) | <0.001*,a) |
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation or median (25–75 quartiles) for continuous variables and frequencies were reported for categorical variables.
COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF, peak expiratory flow rate; FEF25–75%, forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC; MIP, maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximal expiratory pressure; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 6PBRT, 6-minute pegboard and ring test; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; A/P, anterior/posterior; M/L, medial/lateral; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; WHOQOL-OLD, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Older Adults Module.
COPD group |
Non-COPD group |
p-value | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | After | p-value | Δ | Baseline | After | p-value | Δ | ||
Respiratory muscle strength | |||||||||
MIP (cmH2O) | 43.0 (35.0–79.0) | 77.0 (49.0–90.0) | <0.001*,a) | 12.0 (10.0–33.0) | 58.0 (47.0–79.0) | 81.0 (68.0–98.0) | <0.001*,a) | 21.0 (12.5–28.5) | 0.323c) |
MIP (%) | 72.5 (55.0–98.0) | 112.7 (90.9–122.3) | <0.001*,a) | 19.0 (15.9–48.2) | 88.1 (72.9–112.9) | 115.6 (101.3–156.2) | <0.001*,a) | 32.4 (16.6–43.0) | 0.579c) |
MEP (cmH2O) | 72.0 (50.0–105.0) | 92.0 (85.0–108.0) | <0.001*,a) | 19.0 (7.0–29.0) | 100.0 (75.0–138.0) | 107.0 (89.5–158.0) | <0.001*,a) | 23.0 (5.5–30.5) | 0.776c) |
MEP (%) | 57.3 (43.2–65.2) | 66.0 (61.1–79.1) | <0.001*,a) | 12.4 (4.9–21.6) | 77.2 (52.0–87.5) | 88.2 (69.2–100.9) | <0.001*,a) | 14.0 (4.2–18.8) | 0.989c) |
Symptoms | |||||||||
mMRC (score) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.0) | 0.001*,a) | –1.0 (–1.0–0) | 1.0 (0–1.0) | 0 (0–1.0) | 0.014*,a) | 0 (–1.0–0) | 0.064c) |
CAT (score) | 14.8±5.3 | 12.3±4.6 | <0.001*,b) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Exercise capacity | |||||||||
6MWT distance (m) | 341.3±91.1 | 402.0±92.8 | <0.001*,b) | 60.8±39.4 | 455.0 (358.8–490.0) | 490.0 (402.5–516.3) | <0.001*,a) | 47.5±35.6 | 0.269d) |
6MWT distance (%) | 61.9±13.6 | 73.4±15.0 | <0.001*,b) | 11.5±7.9 | 77.1 (67.2–81.7) | 82.3 (72.8–93.6) | <0.001*,a) | 8.5±6.3 | 0.196a) |
6PBRT (score) | 111.9±27.7 | 131.4±26.5 | <0.001*,b) | 19.5±7.7 | 140.3±27.9 | 154.6±29.7 | <0.001*,b) | 14.2±10.5 | 0.082d) |
Balance and postural control | |||||||||
Balance | |||||||||
BBS (0–56) | 47.6±3.3 | 50.3±2.7 | <0.001*,b) | 2.7±1.8 | 50.3±3.6 | 52.4±3.0 | <0.001*,b) | 2.1±1.4 | 0.291d) |
Static postural stability | |||||||||
A/P stability index (score) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.3 (0.3–0.5) | 0.001*,a) | –0.1 (–0.2–0) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.002*,a) | –0.1 (–0.1–0) | 0.248c) |
M/L stability index (score) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | 0.007*,a) | 0 (–1.0–0) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.046*,a) | 0.0 (–1.0–0) | 0.296c) |
Overall stability index (score) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.001*,a) | –0.1 (–0.1–0) | 0.4 (0.30–0.8) | 0.4 (0.30–0.6) | 0.001*,a) | –0.1 (–0.1–0) | 0.667c) |
Physical activity | |||||||||
PASE (score) | 68.3±30.4 | 80.5±37.9 | 0.005*,b) | 9.5 (–3.7–23.8) | 100.0±35.1 | 101.6±33.2 | 0.671b) | 0.6 (–6.6–16.0) | 0.116c) |
Quality of life | |||||||||
WHOQOL-OLD ( score) | 54.2 (47.9–58.3) | 65.6 (62.5–74.0) | <0.001*,a) | 10.4 (9.4–12.5) | 66.7 (63.5–72.4) | 76.0 (72.9–80.2) | <0.001*,a) | 9.4 (6.3–10.9) | 0.095c) |
Values are presented as median (25th–75th quartiles) or mean±standard deviation.
COPD, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MIP, maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP, maximal expiratory pressure; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; CAT, COPD Assessment Test; 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 6PBRT, 6-minute pegboard and ring test; BBS, Berg Balance Scale; A/P, anterior/posterior; M/L, medial/lateral; PASE, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; WHOQOL-OLD, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument-Older Adults Module.